Aktivator Odin Versii 137

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit. The myostatin (MSTN) gene is important because of its role in regulation of skeletal muscle growth in all vertebrates. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 was utilized to successfully target the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, muscle suppressor gene MSTN.

Mar 21, 2016 - addition, treatment with A769662 (an AMPK activator) induced. NBR2 expression (Fig. 1e), whereas. Note: Supplementary Information is available in the online version of the paper. 75, 137–163 (2006). Odin was born to king Bor Burison,thus becoming the heir to the Throne of Asgard. When Buri died,Odin took the throne and continued his father's policy. Lotus notes odbc driver for windows 7. As Allfather,Odin had laid waste to mighty kingdoms,devastated whole realms and battled and destroyed Great Beasts.

CRISPR/Cas9 induced high rates (88–100%) of mutagenesis in the target protein-encoding sites of MSTN. MSTN-edited fry had more muscle cells ( p. Introduction Although fish comprise the most diverse group among the vertebrates, a much smaller number of fish species is used for research and commercial purposes. The major species cultured in the world include salmonids, tilapias, carps and catfishes. There are about 40 extant families, and more than 3,700 extant species of catfishes that have been identified and described, living in marine and fresh waters.

This makes the Siluriformes the second most diverse vertebrate order; in fact, one of every twenty vertebrate species is a catfish. Members of the family Ictaluridae, especially the genus Ictalurus and their hybrids, are the primary fish species used in aquaculture and sport fishing in the United States. Recently, the production and the water surface area devoted to catfish culture in the United States declined due to several factors, including increasing fuel and feed cost and competition from foreign imports. Genetic improvement of catfish offers a promising approach for this industry to maintain profitability and sustainability via development of high performance fish.

Myostatin (MSTN), or growth and differentiation factor 8, is one of the well-known examples of economically important genes. Mutations linked with the double-muscled phenotype in Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle were found in the MSTN gene, resulting in a significant increase in muscling compared to conventional cattle –. MSTN was identified as a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF- β) superfamily that initiate their roles in regulation of skeletal muscle mass through the cell surface receptor, activin receptors type II (ACVR2) –. Myostatin is a key regulator of skeletal muscle growth in all vertebrates and regulates myoblast differentiation in vitro.

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Altering myostatin, through gene knockout or overexpression of inhibitors, prominently increases muscle mass. Mutations of myostatin were also found in other cattle breeds, and mammalian species –. Whereas the mammalian myostatin is exclusively expressed from one gene copy and limited to skeletal muscle,,, two or four copies have been found in fishes – and differentially expressed in many tissues – such as muscle, eye, stomach, skin, brain, gonads, kidney, intestine, liver, spleen, gill and heart. In channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus), the MSTN protein is actively expressed only from one copy on chromosome 6 in different tissues,. The MSTN protein is conserved in teleosts, but its functions in fish remain to be revealed because of the lack of spontaneous MSTN null mutation. The knockout of MSTN would further the study on the roles of this gene in fish species. Different molecular editing tools have been used to target MSTN in teleosts, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs),.